Patterns of dental wear and the role of the canine in Cercopithecinae.

The importance of dental wear patterns in understanding masticatory functions in primates has long been appreciated. However, studies of wear patterns among populations of nonhuman primates are few. The purpose of this investigation is to establish the developmental aspects of dental wear in the Cercopithecinae and to describe certain relevant morphological traits. Studies were made of dental casts from 200 primate specimens of Macaca nemestrina, Macaca mulatta, and Papio cynocephalus. These casts were taken at four-month intervals, beginning at two years of age and continuing over a period of six to seven years. The wear pattern starts with the rounding and eventual flattening of the protoconid and protocone of the erupted first molars. Once this stage is reached, the hypoconid and metaconid of the mandibular, and the hypocone and paracone of the maxillary molars are rounded and eventually flattened. This pattern is maintained until the cusp tips are removed and the dentin exposed, however, the entoconid and metacone are not subjected to significant wear at this stage. Analysis of these dental casts and museum specimens has provided data on the development of dental wear during the maturation of these primates. The distribution of forces acting upon the teeth produce diagnostic patterns of wear, which provide evidence of the force location and magnitude. In examining the data, the hypothesis of canine guidance and its limitation of mandibular motion was evaluated. Specimens whose canines were removed demonstrate that the canines play no significant role in the development or maintenance of dental wear planes.     

Form and patterning of anterior tooth wear among aboriginal human groups

Form and severity of dental attrition was assessed in aboriginal human groups including hunter-gatherers (Eskimos, Australians) and those with dependence to a varying degree on food production (Southwest U.S. and Ohio American Indians). Wear on anterior teeth was both relatively and absolutely greater in the hunter-gatherers, as indicated by comparisons of wear on anterior and posterior teeth which come into occlusion at roughly the same time. Distinct differences in form of anterior wear were also apparent: The hunter-gatherers exhibited steadily increasing incidences of labially rounded wear with greater functional age, while the food-producing groups showed little or no rounding but instead high frequencies of heavily cupped wear (especially in those with premature loss of posterior teeth). These differences were attributed to nonmasticatory utilization of the front teeth in hunter-gatherers and to employment of the anterior teeth in masticatory (grinding) activities necessitated by large-scale molar loss in food producers.     

A metrical comparison of maxillary first premolar form

In a study of maxillary right first premolar morphology, multivariate analysis showed varying degree of separation between four human ethnic groups depending upon the actual metrical profile included in the analysis. Such ethnic discriminations were not possible from visual inspection or univariate analysis of individual crown diameters. Although the interpretation of such ethnic contrasts remains obscure, this study demonstrated the potential of multivariate statistical techniques in the investigation of odontometric data.     

Effects of vanadate, N2 and light on the membrane potential of motor cells and the lateral leaflet movements of Desmodium motorium

The lateral leaflets of Desmodium motorium (Houtt.) Merr. exhibit ultradian up- and down movements, which are paralleled by oscillations of the membrane potential of motor cells in the pulvinus. By different treatments we have tested the hypothesis that both that both oscillation-types are causally related. The reactions of the leaflet movement and the membrane potential were evaluated by the following approaches. (1) Application of vanadate. an inhibitor of the proton pump in the plasmalemma. and N₂ suppressed leaflet movements and finally arrested the leaflet in the lower position. Before the oscillations damped out, a strong lengthening in period was found. This indicates that the pump is part of the ultradian clock. A period lenthening and a final suppression of the rhythm by vanadate was also seen in the extracellular electric potential of the pulvinus. Intracellular recordings in situ showed that vanadate application depolarized the motor cells. (2) Light of high fluence rates diminished the amplitude of the oscillations of the membrane potential of single motor cells and shortened the period. The same effects were observed when monitoring the lateral leaflet movement. The leaflet always moved towards the direction of the light. whether it was applied from the abaxial or from the adaxial part of the pulvinus. (3) When light was applied to the pulvinus of lateral leaflets. which had spontancously stopped moving in an upper position. oscillations were induced transiently. This effect was also found for the membrane potential of motor cells in the pulvinus. - Our results thus provide further evidence that the membrane potential controls the volume state of the motor cells in the pulvinus of lateral leaflets of Desmodium motorium .     

The southern cassowary (Casuarius casuarius johnsonii) remains an important disperser of native plants in fragmented rainforest landscapes

Large-bodied frugivores are essential to the ecological function of rainforest communities. The southern cassowary (Casaurius casuarius johnsonii) is the only large frugivore in the tropical rainforests of Australia. Here, we assessed whether cassowaries remain important to native plant seed dispersal in areas where the rainforest is highly fragmented, and exotic fruits are abundant. To do this, we developed a tri-axial acceleration logger integrated with a motion sensor and VHF radio transmitter. The telemetry device was small enough to be hidden inside a native fruit. The cassowaries ingested it, transported it and defecated it up to 24 h later with the seeds from the fruits they had ingested during the tracking period. The telemetry device was then located by VHF radio and collected with the scat. The distance travelled, activity profile, consumed fruit diversity, and scat energy content were assessed for cassowaries inhabiting regions with different degrees of urbanization. We found that cassowaries inhabiting more urbanized areas consumed the greatest proportion of fruits from exotic plants (~30%) but still incorporated a significant proportion of fruits from native plants in their diet. These individuals existed in higher states of activity and rested less than individuals inhabiting more intact swathes of rainforest, actively moving between urban gardens and the rainforest. The study shows cassowaries have a flexible foraging strategy that has enabled them to persist in rainforest-fragmented landscapes. They remain a significant disperser of seeds from native plants between rainforest patches, and as such, cassowaries remain essential in maintaining native plant diversity within these fragmented patches.     

二术二陈汤联合有氧运动、阻抗运动对2型糖尿病患者心肺功能、血糖控制效果的观察

摘要 目的：探究二术二陈汤联合有氧运动、阻抗运动对2型糖尿病患者心肺功能、血糖控制效果。方法：选择2017年5月~2022年7月本院收治的60例2型糖尿病患者为本次研究对象,随机数字表法分组,观察组,n=30,对照组,n=30。对照组进行基础治疗,对照组用药基础上,联合二术二陈汤+有氧及阻抗运动治疗观察组。比较心肺功能、血管内皮功能、血糖控制效果、不良反应。结果：治疗后,观察组舒张末期容积（EDV）、左室收缩末期容积（ESV）、内皮素-1（ET-1）显著低于对照组,而一氧化氮（NO）、内皮依赖性血管舒张功能（FMD）、1 s用力呼气容积（FEV₁）、FEV₁/FVC显著高于对照组（P＜0.05）;治疗后,空腹血糖（FBG）、餐后2 h血糖（2hPBG）、糖化血红蛋白（HbA1c）指标水平,与治疗前比较,观察组及对照组均降低,且观察组低于对照组（P＜0.05）;观察组不良反应率为20.00 %,对照组不良反应率为23.33 %,观察组与对照组比较无差异（P＞0.05）。结论：二术二陈汤联合有氧运动、阻抗运动可有效提升2型糖尿病患者心肺功能,改善血管内皮功能,降低血糖水平,且安全性较高。     

Bird movement patterns in an agricultural landscape are mediated by both habitat conditions and traits

Alterations of the landscape following agricultural expansion and intensification affect animal movement patterns in the resulting mosaic of fragments and surrounding matrix. Here, we analyze the observed movement patterns of 34 individuals from nine tropical bird species from a rapidly changing agricultural landscape in Kenya. We deconstructed the movement patterns into their three components: step length, turn angles, and displacement and categorized them into two states: area restrictive and expansive movement. Using hidden Markov models, mixed models, and species traits, we showed that movement of birds in the fragments comprised of short step lengths and small displacements, characteristic of area restrictive movement to exploit high-quality habitats. On the contrary, movement in the matrix comprised of long step lengths and large displacements, characteristic of area expansive movement to explore or pass-through poorer habitats. The responses of movement components to fragments and the surrounding matrix were mediated by species traits. Habitat specialists showed stronger boundary response, shorter step lengths, and smaller displacements than habitat generalists in both the fragments and the matrix. Their strong preferences for the fragments, coupled with low flight capabilities can make movement in the matrix particularly difficult. Whereas, at the landscape scale, habitat generalist omnivores and habitat specialist frugivores had larger step lengths than the other guilds, as they use the matrix for resources or as a conduit to movement. Therefore, the habitat fragments are intensely utilized and of conservation importance. The matrix quality and permeability can promote animal space use and movement.     

Role of kinesiophobia in the selective motor control during gait in patients with low back-related leg pain

Fear of movement has been related to changes in motor function in patients with low back pain, but little is known about how kinesiophobia affects selective motor control during gait (ability of muscles performing distinct mechanical functions) in patients with low back-related leg pain (LBLP). The aim of the study was to determine the association between kinesiophobia and selective motor control in patients with LBLP. An observational cross-sectional study was performed on 18 patients. Outcome included: kinesiophobia using the Tampa Scale of Kinesiophobia; pain mechanism using Leeds Assessment of Neuropathic Signs and Symptoms; disability using Roland-Morris Disability Questionnaire; mechanosensitivity using Straight Leg Raise. Surface electromyography was used to assess selective motor control during gait by examining the correlation and coactivation in muscle pairs involved in the stance phase. Pairs included vastus medialis (VM) and medial gastrocnemius (MG), causing opposite moments around the knee joint, and gluteus medius (GM) and MG, as muscles with distinct mechanical functions (weight acceptance vs. propulsion). A strong association was observed between kinesiophobia and correlation (r = 0.63; p = 0.005) and coactivation (r = 0.69; p = 0.001) between VM versus MG. A moderate association was observed between kinesiophobia and correlation (r = 0.58; p = 0.011) and coactivation (r = 0.55; p = 0.019) between GM versus MG. No significant associations were obtained for other outcomes. A high kinesiophobia is associated with low selective motor control of the muscles involved in the weight acceptance and propulsion phases during gait in patients with LBLP. Fear of movement was better associated with decreased neuromuscular control than other clinical variables such as pain mechanism, disability, and mechanosensitivity.     

Use of Nematodes as Biomonitors of Nonfumigant Nematicide Movement through Field Soil

Three field experiments were established in a loamy sand soil in the Coastal Plain of North Carolina to determine downward movement of aldicarb and fenamiphos with a nematode bioassay. Penetration of bioassay plant roots by Meloidogyne incognita was measured at 1, 3, 7, 14, 21, and 28 days after treatment in the greenhouse as a means of determining nematicide effectiveness. Chemical movement was similar in planted and fallow soil. Nematicidal activity was greater in soil collected from the 0 to 10 cm depth than from the 10 to 20 cm depth. Fenamiphos suppressed host penetration by the nematode more than aldicarb under the high rainfall (19 cm) and low soil temperatures that occurred soon after application in the spring. During the summer, which had 13 cm precipitation and warmer soil temperatures, both chemicals performed equally well at the 0 to 10 cm depth. At the lower soil level (10 to 20 cm), aldicarb limited nematode penetration of host roots more quickly than fenamiphos. Both of these chemicals moved readily in the sandy soil in concentrations sufficient to control M. incognita. Although some variability was encountered in similar experiments, nematodes such as M. incognita have considerable potential as biomonitors of nematicide movement in soil.     

Rhythmically firing (20–50 Hz) neurons in monkey primary somatosensory cortex: Activity patterns during initiation of vibratory-cued hand movements

The activity patterns of rhythmically firing neurons in monkey primary somatosensory cortex (SI) were studied during trained wrist movements that were performed in response to palmar vibration. Of 1,222 neurons extracellularly recorded in SI, 129 cells (11%) discharged rhythmically (at 30 Hz) during maintained wrist position. During the initiation of vibratory-cued movements, neuronal activity usually decreased at 25 ms after vibration onset followed by an additional decrease in activity at 60 ms prior to movement onset. Rhythmically firing neurons are not likely to be integrate-and-fire neurons because, during activity changes, their rhythmic firing pattern was disrupted rather than modulated. The activity pattern of rhythmically firing neurons was complimentary to that of quickly adapting SI neurons recorded during the performance of this task (Nelson et al., 1991). Moreover, disruptions of rhythmic activity of individual SI neurons were similar to those reported previously for local field potential (LFP) oscillations in sensorimotor cortex during trained movements (Sanes and Donoghue, 1993). However, rhythmic activity of SI neurons did not wax and wane like LFP oscillations (Murthy and Fetz, 1992; Sanes and Donoghue, 1993). It has been suggested that fast (20–50 Hz) cortical oscillations may be initiated by inhibitory interneurons (Cowan and Wilson, 1994; Llinas et al., 1991; Stern and Wilson, 1994). We suggest that rhythmically firing neurons may tonically inhibit quickly adapting neurons and release them from the inhibition at go-cue onsets and prior to voluntary movements. It is possible that rhythmically active neurons may evoke intermittent oscillations in other cortical neurons and thus regulate cortical population oscillations.